DIRECT
AND INDIRECT SPEECH
(Kalimat Langsung Dan Kalimat Tak Langsung )
Bilamana reported speech menyatakan kata-kata
yang sebenarnya, ini disebut Direct Speech ( Kalimat Langsung ). Kalimat - kalimat
tersebut tidak dihubungkan oleh “that” melainkan harus ditandai dengan (tanda
baca) koma.
Bilamana reported speech memberikan isi pokok
kata-kata yang dipakai oleh si pembicara dan bukan kata-kata yang sebenarnya
ini disebut indirect speech (kalimat tidak langsung). Dalam indirect speech
kalimat-kalimat itu dihubungkan dengan kata “that”.
Bentuk waktu reporting verb tidak diubah, akan
tetapi bentuk waktu reported speech harus diubah berdasarkan atas bentuk waktu
reporting verb.
Dua cara perubahan bentuk waktu pada reported
speech
v Peraturan
I
Kalau
reporting verb itu past tense, bentuk waktu kata kerja dalam reported speech
itu harus diubah ke dalam salah satu dari empat bentuk past tense.
Contoh
:
Direct
Speech – Indirect Speech
Simple
present – menjadi – Simple past
He said
” The woman comes “ He said that the woman came
Dari
contoh di atas dapat disimpulkan perubahan untuk bentuk waktu dari reported
speech sebagai berikut :
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Future
Present
|
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past
Past
|
Kecuali
:
Jika
reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi
kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak
diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana
adamya, contoh :
Direct
Speech – Indirect Speech
He
said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east
Dalam
reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan
I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:
Direct Speech
|
Indirect Speech
|
this = ini
these = ini
come = datang
here = di sini, ke sini
hence = dari sini
hither = ke tempat ini
ago = yang lalu
now = sekarang
today = hari ini
tomorrow = besok
yesterday = kemarin
last night = tadi malam
next week = minggu depan
thus = begini
contoh :
He said, “I will come here”.
|
that = itu
those = itu
go = pergi
there = di sana, ke sana
thence = dari sana
thither = ke tempat itu
before = lebih dahulu
then = pada waktu itu
that day = hari itu
next day = hari berikutnya
the previous day = sehari sebelumnya
the previous night = semalam sebelumnya
the following week = minggu berikutnya
so = begitu
He
said that he would go there
|
Akan
tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau
waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.
Agus
said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen
(ketika
berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)
v Peraturan
II
1) Bila
reported speech kalimat berita
Dengan
peraturan ini reporting verb dianggap dalam present atau future tense tertentu
dan kapan saja ini terjadi, bentuk waktu dari kata kerja dalam reported speech
tidak diubah sama sekali dalam mengubah direct menjadi indirect speech.
Reporting
verb – Reported speech
Present
tense – Any tense (bentuk waktu apapun)
Direct
: She says to her friend, ” I have been writing “.
Indirect
: She says to her friend that he has been writing. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She has told you, ” I am reading “.
Indirect : She has told you that he is reading.
(tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say, ” You have done wrongly “.
Indirect : She will tell you that you have done
wrongly. (tidak berubah)
Direct : She will say,” The boy wasn’t lazy “.
Indirect : She will tell them that the boy wasn’t
lazy. (tidak berubah)
2) Bila
reported speech merupakan kalimat tanya
-
Reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi ask
atau inquire. Dengan mengulangi kata tanya dan mengubah tenses jika
pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata tanya diberitakan.
Direct
|
Indirect
|
He said to me, “Where are you going?”
He
said to me, “What are you doing?”
|
He asked me where I was going
He
inquired of me what I was doing
|
-
Dengan menggunakan if atau whether sebagai
penghubung antara reporting verb dan reported speech dan mengubah tenses, jika
pertanyaannya dimulai dengan kata kerja diberitakan :
Direct
|
Indirect
|
He said to me, “Are you going
away today?”
He
asked me , “can you come along?”
|
He asked me whether I was
going away that day.
He
asked me if I could come along.
|
3)
Kalimat perintah (imperative sentences)
Bila
reported speech merupakan kalimat perintah, reporting verb say atau tell harus
diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang menandakan :
a. Command
(perintah), misalnya ordered, commanded, dsb yang berarti menyuruh,
memerintahkan.
b. Precept
(petunjuk,
bimbingan, didikan), misalnya advised yang berarti menasehati.
c. Request
(permohonan),
misalnya asked yang berarti meminta, memohon.
d. Entreaty
(permohonan
yang sangat mendesak), misalnya begged yang berarti meminta, memohon (dengan
sangat).
e. Prohibition
(larangan),
misalnya forbade yang berarti melarang.
Dalam
perubahannya dari kalimat langsung menjadi kalimat tidak langsung, modus
imperatif harus diganti dengan infinitif. Tegasnya, reported verb (kata kerja
yang diberitakan atau kata kerja dalam reported speech) harus diubah menjadi
infinitive with to.
a. Command
:
Direct:
He
said to his servant, “Go away at once!”
Indirect:He
ordered his servant to go away at once
b. Precept
:
Direct:
She
said to her son, “Study hard!”
Indirect:
He
advised her son to study hard
c. Request
:
Direct: He
said to his friend, “Please lend me your pen!”
Indirect: He
asked his friend to be kind enough to lend him his pencil
d. Entreaty
:
Direct:
He
said to his master, “Pardon me, sir”
Indirect:
He
begged his master to pardon him.
e. Prohibition
:
Direct:
She
said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect:
She
forbade her daughter to go there
Jika
reporting verb say atau tell diubah menjadi reported verb ask, order, command
dsb (tapi jika bukan forbid), predikatnya diubah ke dalam infinitive with to
yang didahului oleh not atau no + infinitive with to.
Direct:
She
said to her daughter, “Don’t go there”
Indirect:
She
asked herdaughter not to go there.
4)
Kalimat seru (exclamatory sentences)
Bilamana
reported speech terdiri dari kalimat seru atau kalimat optatif, reporting verb
say atau tell harus diubah menjadi kata kerja tertentu yang semacam itu seperti
exclaim, cry out, pray dsb.
a. Exclamatory
sentences
Direct:
He
said, “Hurrah! My old friend has come”
Indirect:
He
exclaimed with joy that his old friend had come.
b. Optative
sentences (kalimat yang menyatakan harapan, pujian, dsb)
Direct:
He
said, “God bless you, my dear son “
Indirect:
He
prayed that God would bless his dear son
EXAMPLE :
1.
‘What do you want?’ she asked him.
2.
‘Are you coming with us?’ he asked me.
3.
He asked, ‘When do you intend to make the
payment?’
4.
‘Do you come from China?’ said the prince to the
girl.
5.
The poor man exclaimed, ‘Will none of you help
me?’
6.
‘Which way should I go?’ asked the little girl.
7.
Alladin said to the magician, ‘What have I done
to deserve so severe a punishment?’
8.
‘Don’t you know the way home?’ I said to her.
9.
‘Do you write a good hand?’ the teacher said to
the student.
10.
‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?’
said the judge finally.
11.
‘Have you anything to tell me, little bird?’
asked Ulysses.
12.
‘Who are you, sir, and what do you want?’
they asked.
13.
The king was impressed with the magician and asked,
‘What can I do for you?’
14.
She asked, ‘What is it that makes you stronger
and braver than other men?’
15.
‘Can you solve this problem?’ he asked me.
ANSWERS
1.
She asked him what he wanted.
2.
He asked me if I was coming/going with them.
3.
He enquired when I/he/she intended to make the
payment.
4.
The prince asked the girl if she came from
China.
5.
The poor man exclaimed whether none of them
would help him.
6.
The little girl asked which way she should go.
7.
Alladin asked the magician what he had done to deserve
so severe a punishment.
8.
I asked her whether she did not know the way home.
9.
The teacher asked the student if he/she wrote a
good hand.
10.
The judge finally asked whether he/she had
anything to say on behalf of the accused.
11.
Ulysses asked the little bird whether it had
anything to tell him.
12.
They asked who he was and what he wanted.
13.
The king was impressed with the magician and asked
what he could do for him.
14.
She asked him what was it that made him stronger
and braver than other men.
15.
He asked me if I could solve that problem.
SEMOGA BERMANFAAT ^_*